E-Number Categories

E-numbers are identification codes assigned to food additives approved for use within the European Union. Although the “E” stands for Europe, these additives are widely recognized and used internationally, often without the E prefix.

They indicate substances added to food for technological functions such as improving colour, flavour, texture, stability, or extending shelf life. Many E-numbers are derived from naturally occurring substances, for example vitamin C, which is listed as E300.

Before receiving an E-number designation, each additive undergoes strict scientific evaluation and safety approval by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

2. E122 – Carmoisine. E122 is a synthetic red food colouring used in a wide range of products. It has already been banned in several countries, including Norway, Japan, the United States, and Sweden. This additive is commonly found in sweets, yoghurts, packet soups, jellies, and jams. Studies have linked E122 to hyperactivity in children, leading the UK government to recommend limiting its consumption among children. In some adults, it may also trigger allergic reactions.

3. E129, also known as Allura Red, is a synthetic red-orange food colouring commonly used in soft drinks, candies, desserts, and processed sweets. Research has linked this additive to hyperactive behaviour in some children, and it may also trigger allergic skin reactions in adults, particularly in individuals sensitive to aspirin. Due to ongoing health concerns, E129 has been restricted or banned in several countries, including France, Germany, Belgium, Austria, Norway, and Sweden.

4. E104, also known as Quinoline Yellow, is a synthetic food colouring used to give products such as smoked haddock and Scotch eggs a yellow tint. The additive has been banned in several countries, including Japan, the United States, Australia, and Norway, due to concerns over potential health risks. Studies have also linked E104 to hyperactivity and behavioural issues in children.

5. E621, also known as monosodium glutamate (MSG), is a flavour enhancer widely used to improve the taste of food products. While it is generally considered safe for most people, some individuals may be more sensitive to its effects. Reported reactions linked to MSG sensitivity can include headaches, nausea, dizziness, muscle discomfort, heart palpitations, and chest pain.

6. E951 – Aspartame

E951, commonly known as aspartame, is an artificial sweetener widely used in food and beverage products. It is frequently found in items marketed toward dieters and people with diabetes, including desserts, low-fat foods, sugar-free drinks, snacks, and confectionery products. Aspartame is known to pose health risks for individuals with Phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic disorder, and those affected are strongly advised to avoid it completely. In recent years, concerns have also been raised among the general public regarding possible side effects associated with aspartame consumption, with headaches and other adverse reactions commonly reported.

7. E211 – Sodium Benzoate

E211 is a food preservative commonly used in products such as margarine, salad dressings, soy sauce, sweets, and soft drinks. Its main function is to help prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold, thereby extending shelf life. Some studies have suggested a possible link between sodium benzoate and hyperactivity in children. It may also trigger allergic reactions or worsen symptoms in individuals with asthma or certain sensitivities.

8. E151, also known as Black PN or Brilliant Black BN, is a synthetic black food colouring used in certain food products. Concerns have been raised in several countries due to its association with allergic reactions and sensitivity in some individuals. As a result, E151 has been banned in countries including Australia, Austria, the United States, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland.

9. E133, also known as Brilliant Blue FCF, is a synthetic food colouring used to give certain products a blue colour. Some individuals may experience allergic reactions after consuming products containing E133. Due to safety concerns, this additive has been banned in several countries, including Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, France, Germany, and Norway.

10. E213, calcium benzoate, is a preservative used to extend the shelf life of food and beverages. It is commonly found in low-sugar products, but it may cause adverse reactions in individuals with allergies or sensitivities.

The Most Dangerous E-Numbers